Clinical Studies on IDPN and IPN
The following clinical studies and meta-analysis support the effectiveness and positive outcomes of using Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition (IDPN) and Intraperitoneal Nutrition (IPN) when appropriate in dialysis patients.
Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition References
Summary: In this hypothetical scenario, increasing the albumin by 0.2 g/dL had the potential to save 1400 lives, avert 6000 hospitalizations, and save $36 million Medicare dollars. Results showed decreased mortality, reduced treatment costs, and decreased hospitalization.
Summary: Patients with a serum albumin < 3 g/dL at baseline had a 2.5 times higher chance of increasing the albumin and a 3.8 times higher chance of increasing the albumin by at least 0.5 g/dL. Patients with lower albumin levels and diabetics respond the most dramatically.
Summary: All studied parameters of nutrition and inflammation improved significantly while patients were treated with IDPN. Results included increase in protein catabolic rate (g protein/kg/day) 0.7 ± 0.2 to 1.2 ± 0.2, increase in albumin (g/l) 28 ± 5 to 38 ± 2 and decrease c-RP (mg/l) 77 ± 86 to 9 ±10.
Summary: Prealbumin is a nutritional parameter, positively correlated with reduced morbidity and survival in malnourished HD patients. The study addressed changes of PA during 16 weeks of IDPN in 107 malnourished HD patients and showed a significant increase of prealbumin (SG: +26.31 mg/l vs CG: 1.84 mg/l). Diabetic patients revealed higher increase of prealbumin (SG: +32.62 mg/l vs CG: 1.67 mg/l). Prealbumin elevation was maintained during 6 week follow-up period.
Summary: Available evidence suggests that nutritional supplementation, administered orally or parenteral, is effective in the treatment of maintenance dialysis patients with protein-energy wasting in whom oral dietary intake from regular meals cannot maintain adequate nutritional stores. Increase serum albumin by 0.2 g/dL or greater considerable improvements in mortality, hospitalization, and treatment costs. IDPN promoted a 96% increase in whole-body protein synthesis, 50% decrease in whole-body proteolysis, and positive nitrogen.
Intraperitoneal Nutrition References
Summary: Using Amino Acid-based dialysate with dextrose, as compared with the control, resulted in rates of protein synthesis increasing significantly.
Summary: 31/43 malnourished PD patients (72%) showed nutritional benefit using IPN in terms of improvement of lean body mass, hand grip strength and back lift strength which were significantly higher in responders at baseline.
Summary: Dextrose alone resulted in increased insulin levels, decreased amino acid levels, and a persistent negative protein balance. The combined use of amino acids and dextrose resulted in a cumulative effect of suppressing muscle amino acid losses and stimulating muscle protein synthesis.
Summary: Glucose-based PD solutions, only one daily bag of amino acid solution, showed increased plasma amino acid concentrations, skeletal muscle amino acid uptake was significantly higher during treatment containing amino acid solution.
Summary: Amino Acid-based dialysate had significant decreases in serum potassium and phosphorus indicating a general anabolic response for patients. Prealbumin and transferrin levels were significantly increased. Patients with regular dextrose based formulation had decreases in albumin, prealbumin, and total protein levels.
Summary: IDPN and IPN should be considered when attempts to meet nutrient needs by oral diet or tube feeding have not been successful. IDPN and IPN are supplemental nutrition therapies that, when combined with oral diet and tube feeding, enable the patient to meet energy and nutrient needs and improve nutrition status.